Blockchain-Based Evidence Legality in Indonesia's Criminal Justice System
Main Article Content
Muchammad Naseer
Harya Gusdevi
Rahayudin Rahayudin
Antonio Guterres
This study aims to analyze the legality of blockchain-based digital evidence in criminal justice processes in Indonesia, emphasizing two main focuses: the possibility of its admissibility as valid evidence and the identification of accompanying normative, technical, and procedural limitations. This study uses a normative juridical method through a legislative approach (the ITE Law, the Personal Data Protection Law, the Criminal Procedure Code, and Supreme Court Regulations), a conceptual approach (the concept of digital evidence, blockchain technology, and audit trails), a comparative approach (comparison of practices in several other jurisdictions), and a case approach through analysis of court decisions relating to electronic evidence. The results show that blockchain technology has significant potential to be recognized as evidence with strong probative value due to its characteristics of immutability, transparency, and traceability. However, this study also identifies several challenges, including the lack of specific regulations in the Criminal Procedure Code, potential conflicts with the principle of personal data protection, the absence of uniform digital audit trail standards, the heterogeneity of blockchain systems, and the limited technical capacity of law enforcement officials. These findings underscore the urgency of regulatory reform, standardization of evidentiary procedures, and strengthening the technical competence of law enforcement officials so that blockchain-based evidence can be implemented effectively and accountably in criminal proceedings. Practically, the results of this study provide a basis for policymakers to formulate a legal framework and technical policies that adapt to the use of blockchain technology in the criminal evidence system without neglecting the principles of human rights protection and legal certainty. Overall, this study contributes conceptually and normatively to the integration of blockchain technology into the Indonesian criminal justice system.
Abu Afifa, M. M., Vo Van, H., & Le Hoang Van, T. (2023). Blockchain adoption in accounting by an extended UTAUT model: empirical evidence from an emerging economy. Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting, 21(1), 5–44. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFRA-12-2021-0434
Ahmad, L., Khanji, S., Iqbal, F., & Kamoun, F. (2020). Blockchain-based chain of custody. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1145/3407023.3409199
Ahmed, W. A. H., & MacCarthy, B. L. (2023). Blockchain-enabled supply chain traceability – How wide? How deep? International Journal of Production Economics, 263, 108963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2023.108963
Alzoubi, Y. I., & Mishra, A. (2023). Green blockchain – A move towards sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production, 430, 139541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139541
Awuson-David, K., Al-Hadhrami, T., Alazab, M., Shah, N., & Shalaginov, A. (2021). BCFL logging: An approach to acquire and preserve admissible digital forensics evidence in cloud ecosystem. Future Generation Computer Systems, 122, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2021.03.001
Boakye, E. A., Zhao, H., & Ahia, B. N. K. (2022). Emerging research on blockchain technology in finance; a conveyed evidence of bibliometric-based evaluations. The Journal of High Technology Management Research, 33(2), 100437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hitech.2022.100437
Buldas, A., Draheim, D., Gault, M., Laanoja, R., Nagumo, T., Saarepera, M., Shah, S. A., Simm, J., Steiner, J., Tammet, T., & Truu, A. (2022). An Ultra-Scalable Blockchain Platform for Universal Asset Tokenization: Design and Implementation. IEEE Access, 10, 77284–77322. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3192837
Camel, A., Belhadi, A., Kamble, S., Tiwari, S., & Touriki, F. E. (2024). Integrating smart Green Product Platforming for carbon footprint reduction: The role of blockchain technology and stakeholders influence within the agri-food supply chain. International Journal of Production Economics, 272, 109251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2024.109251
Cao, S., Johnson, H., & Tulloch, A. (2023). Exploring blockchain-based Traceability for Food Supply Chain Sustainability: Towards a Better Way of Sustainability Communication with Consumers. Procedia Computer Science, 217, 1437–1445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2022.12.342
Chen, L. (2019). Challenges of implementing blockchain technology for real-time forensic applications in the legal sector. International Journal of Law and Information Technology, 27(3), 210–225.
Chen, Y., Richter, J. I., & Patel, P. C. (2021). Decentralized Governance of Digital Platforms. Journal of Management, 47(5), 1305–1337. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206320916755
Chin, T., Wang, W., Yang, M., Duan, Y., & Chen, Y. (2021). The moderating effect of managerial discretion on blockchain technology and the firms’ innovation quality: Evidence from Chinese manufacturing firms. International Journal of Production Economics, 240, 108219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2021.108219
Corbet, S., Larkin, C., Lucey, B., Meegan, A., & Yarovaya, L. (2020). Cryptocurrency reaction to FOMC Announcements: Evidence of heterogeneity based on blockchain stack position. Journal of Financial Stability, 46, 100706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2019.100706
Crosby, M., Pattanayak, P., Verma, S., & Kalyanaraman, V. (2016). Blockchain technology: Beyond bitcoin. Applied Innovation, 2(6), 71–78.
De Filippi, P. (2018). Blockchain and the law: The rule of code. Harvard University Press.
Dewangan, N. K., Chandrakar, P., Kumari, S., & Rodrigues, J. J. P. C. (2023). Enhanced privacy-preserving in student certificate management in blockchain and interplanetary file system. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 82(8), 12595–12614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-13915-8
Dorfleitner, G., Muck, F., & Scheckenbach, I. (2021). Blockchain applications for climate protection: A global empirical investigation. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 149, 111378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111378
Enrique, D. V., Lerman, L. V., Sousa, P. R. de, Benitez, G. B., Bigares Charrua Santos, F. M., & Frank, A. G. (2022). Being digital and flexible to navigate the storm: How digital transformation enhances supply chain flexibility in turbulent environments. International Journal of Production Economics, 250, 108668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2022.108668
Fosso Wamba, S., Queiroz, M. M., & Trinchera, L. (2020). Dynamics between blockchain adoption determinants and supply chain performance: An empirical investigation. International Journal of Production Economics, 229, 107791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2020.107791
Govindan, K., Jain, P., Kr. Singh, R., & Mishra, R. (2024). Blockchain technology as a strategic weapon to bring procurement 4.0 truly alive: Literature review and future research agenda. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 181, 103352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2023.103352
Hackius, N., & Petersen, M. (2020). Translating High Hopes Into Tangible Benefits: How Incumbents in Supply Chain and Logistics Approach Blockchain. IEEE Access, 8, 34993–35003. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2974622
Huang, H., Sun, X., Xiao, F., Zhu, P., & Wang, W. (2021). Blockchain-based eHealth system for auditable EHRs manipulation in cloud environments. Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, 148, 46–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpdc.2020.10.002
Isaac Abiodun, O., Alawida, M., Esther Omolara, A., & Alabdulatif, A. (2022). Data provenance for cloud forensic investigations, security, challenges, solutions and future perspectives: A survey. Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences, 34(10), 10217–10245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2022.10.018
Jyoti, A., & Chauhan, R. K. (2022). A blockchain and smart contract-based data provenance collection and storing in cloud environment. Wireless Networks, 28(4), 1541–1562. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-022-02924-y
Karim, S., Naeem, M. A., Tiwari, A. K., & Ashraf, S. (2023). Examining the avenues of sustainability in resources and digital blockchains backed currencies: evidence from energy metals and cryptocurrencies. Annals of Operations Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-023-05365-8
Khalaf, O. I., & Abdulsahib, G. M. (2021). Optimized dynamic storage of data (ODSD) in IoT based on blockchain for wireless sensor networks. Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications, 14(5), 2858–2873. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12083-021-01115-4
Khan, A. A., Uddin, M., Shaikh, A. A., Laghari, A. A., & Rajput, A. E. (2021). MF-Ledger: Blockchain Hyperledger Sawtooth-Enabled Novel and Secure Multimedia Chain of Custody Forensic Investigation Architecture. IEEE Access, 9, 103637–103650. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3099037
Kucukaltan, B., Kamasak, R., Yalcinkaya, B., & Irani, Z. (2024). Investigating the themes in supply chain finance: the emergence of blockchain as a disruptive technology. International Journal of Production Research, 62(22), 8173–8192. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2022.2118886
Kumar, G., Saha, R., Lal, C., & Conti, M. (2021). Internet-of-Forensic (IoF): A blockchain based digital forensics framework for IoT applications. Future Generation Computer Systems, 120, 13–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2021.02.016
Li, X., Zhang, Y., & Chen, L. (2021). Security and vulnerability analysis of private versus public blockchain networks. Journal of Blockchain Research, 3(1), 45–59.
Li, D., Han, D., Zheng, Z., Weng, T.-H., Li, H., Liu, H., Castiglione, A., & Li, K.-C. (2022). MOOCsChain: A blockchain-based secure storage and sharing scheme for MOOCs learning. Computer Standards & Interfaces, 81, 103597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csi.2021.103597
Li, M., Chen, Y., Lal, C., Conti, M., Alazab, M., & Hu, D. (2023). Eunomia: Anonymous and Secure Vehicular Digital Forensics Based on Blockchain. IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, 20(1), 225–241. https://doi.org/10.1109/TDSC.2021.3130583
Li, M., Lal, C., Conti, M., & Hu, D. (2021). LEChain: A blockchain-based lawful evidence management scheme for digital forensics. Future Generation Computer Systems, 115, 406–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2020.09.038
Liao, Z., Pang, X., Zhang, J., Xiong, B., & Wang, J. (2022). Blockchain on Security and Forensics Management in Edge Computing for IoT: A Comprehensive Survey. IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, 19(2), 1159–1175. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSM.2021.3122147
Meier, O., Gruchmann, T., & Ivanov, D. (2023). Circular supply chain management with blockchain technology: A dynamic capabilities view. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 176, 103177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2023.103177
Msawil, M., Greenwood, D., & Kassem, M. (2022). A Systematic evaluation of blockchain-enabled contract administration in construction projects. Automation in Construction, 143, 104553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2022.104553
Pakseresht, A., Yavari, A., Kaliji, S. A., & Hakelius, K. (2023). The intersection of blockchain technology and circular economy in the agri-food sector. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 35, 260–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2022.11.002
Pournaras, E. (2020). Proof of witness presence: Blockchain consensus for augmented democracy in smart cities. Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, 145, 160–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpdc.2020.06.015
Qin, M., Su, C.-W., Lobon?, O.-R., & Umar, M. (2023). Blockchain: A carbon-neutral facilitator or an environmental destroyer? International Review of Economics & Finance, 86, 604–615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2023.04.004
Rana, S. K., Rana, A. K., Rana, S. K., Sharma, V., Lilhore, U. K., Khalaf, O. I., & Galletta, A. (2023). Decentralized Model to Protect Digital Evidence via Smart Contracts Using Layer 2 Polygon Blockchain. IEEE Access, 11, 83289–83300. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3302771
Saari, A., Vimpari, J., & Junnila, S. (2022). Blockchain in real estate: Recent developments and empirical applications. Land Use Policy, 121, 106334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106334
Saull, A., Baum, A., & Braesemann, F. (2020). Can digital technologies speed up real estate transactions? Journal of Property Investment & Finance, 38(4), 349–361. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPIF-09-2019-0131
Singh, N., & Das, A. K. (2024). TFAS: two factor authentication scheme for blockchain enabled IoMT using PUF and fuzzy extractor. The Journal of Supercomputing, 80(1), 865–914. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-023-05507-6
Sun, J., Yao, X., Wang, S., & Wu, Y. (2020). Blockchain-Based Secure Storage and Access Scheme For Electronic Medical Records in IPFS. IEEE Access, 8, 59389–59401. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2982964
Swan, M. (2015). Blockchain: Blueprint for a new economy. O’Reilly Media.
Tjong, A. (2022). Blockchain dan regulasi perlindungan data: Tantangan implementasi di sektor publik dan hukum. Jurnal Hukum Dan Teknologi Informasi, 6(2), 88–104.
Tsolakis, N., Schumacher, R., Dora, M., & Kumar, M. (2023). Artificial intelligence and blockchain implementation in supply chains: a pathway to sustainability and data monetisation? Annals of Operations Research, 327(1), 157–210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-022-04785-2
Tunca, S., Sezen, B., & Wilk, V. (2023). An exploratory content and sentiment analysis of the guardian metaverse articles using leximancer and natural language processing. Journal of Big Data, 10(1), 82. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-023-00773-w
Vincent, N. E., Skjellum, A., & Medury, S. (2020). Blockchain architecture: A design that helps CPA firms leverage the technology. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 38, 100466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accinf.2020.100466
